National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) Practice Test

Which characteristic is most typical of diabetes mellitus?

1. Polydipsia

2. Microaneurysms

3. Peripheral neuropathy

4. Ketoacidosis

The correct answer is: Microaneurysms

The characteristic most typical of diabetes mellitus is polydipsia. Polydipsia, which refers to excessive thirst, is a common symptom of diabetes, particularly in uncontrollably high blood sugar conditions. This occurs because the body attempts to regulate high glucose levels by pulling fluid from tissues, leading to dehydration and, consequently, increased thirst. Microaneurysms, peripheral neuropathy, and ketoacidosis are associated complications or manifestations related to diabetes but are not characteristic symptoms that present at the onset of the disease. Microaneurysms are often seen in the context of diabetic retinopathy and indicate chronic change rather than a defining feature of diabetes. Peripheral neuropathy typically develops after prolonged high blood sugar levels, indicating long-term damage rather than being an early warning sign. Ketoacidosis, while a serious complication primarily associated with type 1 diabetes, is not a typical characteristic since it occurs under specific circumstances, such as insulin deficiency or significant physiological stress. Therefore, polydipsia is the most direct and immediate symptom indicative of the presence of diabetes mellitus, highlighting the body's response to hyperglycemia.